Fuel cells provide long driving ranges, rapid re-fuelling 7, and efficient conversion of liquid e-fuels to power in ocean-going ships. When hydrogen and ammonia are used as fuels, the emission of particles, such as NO x, or CO 2 are near zero during power production 5, 6. Fuel cells can convert the chemical energy of sustainable fuels produced from water electrolysis with zero-carbon electricity, such as green hydrogen, green ammonia, or green methane, directly into electricity with a high electrical efficiency, above 45% 2, 3, 4. Fuel cell-powered electric vehicles and ships or use of fuel cells as range extenders help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport. Societies worldwide are transforming their energy systems to gradually become independent of fossil fuels. The monolithic fuel cell stack shows a power density of 5.6 kW/L, thus, demonstrating the potential of SOFC technology for transport applications. The design is optimised through three-dimensional multiphysics modelling, nanoparticle infiltration, and corrosion-mitigating treatments. Cost-effective and scalable manufacturing processes are employed for fabrication, and only a single heat treatment is required, as opposed to multiple thermal treatments in conventional SOFC production. Here, we present a metal-based monolithic fuel cell design to overcome these issues. However, the SOFC technology is mainly used for stationary applications owing to the high operating temperature, low volumetric power density and specific power, and poor robustness towards thermal cycling and mechanical vibrations of conventional ceramic-based cells. This aspect is particularly true in the case of heavy freight and long-range transportation, where solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer an attractive alternative as they can provide high-efficiency and flexible fuel choices. However, the limited range and long charging times of Li-ion batteries still hinder widespread adoption. The transportation sector is undergoing a technology shift from internal combustion engines to electric motors powered by secondary Li-based batteries.
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